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Chapter 2 shows how Palestinian-Israeli writers drew on cultural and literary trends of the pre-1948 period in writings immediately after the 1948 war and sought to uphold their sense of Arab cultural autonomy after the creation of Israel. Chapter 3 examines how Palestinian Israelis viewed the October 1956 Suez Crisis and the Kafr Qasim massacre as evidence of Israeli attitudes towards Arabs and Palestinians. They looked to the Arab world for support and inspiration, and they increasingly employed poetic language to express their dissatisfaction with the state. Chapter 4 surveys publications that competed with those of MAKI for the attention of Palestinian Israelis during the period of the "Arab Cold War" and the relationship between Palestinian-Israeli communists and nationalists in thisperiod. Chapter 5 traces the generation gap that surfaced in the mid-1960s between older MAKI activists who still held to ideals of international communism and a younger group of Palestinian-Israeli poet-activists who adopted more explicitly nationalist rhetoric, and it shows how these younger poet-activists, including Mahmud Darwish and Samih al-Qasim, were shaped by their childhoods in Israel.

In moving beyond analytical frameworks that focus solely on the consequences of having a non-Jewish minority in a predominantly Jewish state, this study demonstrates that, in addition to resisting Zionist narratives, many Palestinian-Israeli writers and activists also sought to affirm their ties with other Palestinians and with the broader Arab world.